Adding Regenerative Braking to Your Electric Vehicle for Extended Range

An Optimal Slip Ratio-Based Revised Regenerative Braking Control Strategy of Range-Extended Electric Vehicle

Author

Listed:

• Hanwu Liu

  (State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, School of Automotive Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China)

• Yulong Lei

  (State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, School of Automotive Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China)

• Yao Fu

  (State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, School of Automotive Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China)

• Xingzhong Li

  (State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, School of Automotive Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China)

Abstract

The energy recovered with regenerative braking system can greatly improve energy efficiency of range-extended electric vehicle (R-EEV). Nevertheless, maximizing braking energy recovery while maintaining braking performance remains a challenging issue, and it is also difficult to reduce the adverse effects of regenerative current on battery capacity loss rate (Q loss,% ) to extend its service life. To solve this problem, a revised regenerative braking control strategy (RRBCS) with the rate and shape of regenerative braking current considerations is proposed. Firstly, the initial regenerative braking control strategy (IRBCS) is researched in this paper. Then, the battery capacity loss model is established by using battery capacity test results. Eventually, RRBCS is obtained based on IRBCS to optimize and modify the allocation logic of braking work-point. The simulation results show that compared with IRBCS, the regenerative braking energy is slightly reduced by 16.6% and Q loss,% is reduced by 79.2%. It means that the RRBCS can reduce Q loss,% at the expense of small braking energy recovery loss. As expected, RRBCS has a positive effect on prolonging the battery service life while ensuring braking safety while maximizing recovery energy. This result can be used to develop regenerative braking control system to improve comprehensive performance levels.

Suggested Citation

Hanwu Liu & Yulong Lei & Yao Fu & Xingzhong Li, 2020."An Optimal Slip Ratio-Based Revised Regenerative Braking Control Strategy of Range-Extended Electric Vehicle,"Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-21, March.

Handle:

RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:6:p:1526-:d:336251

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References listed on IDEAS

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Cited by:

1. Cong Geng & Dawen Ning & Linfu Guo & Qicheng Xue & Shujian Mei, 2021."Simulation Research on Regenerative Braking Control Strategy of Hybrid Electric Vehicle,"Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-19, April.
2. Peter Girovsk & Jaroslava ilkov & Jn Kauch, 2020."Optimization of Vehicle Braking Distance Using a Fuzzy Controller,"Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-15, June.
3. Liu, Hanwu & Lei, Yulong & Fu, Yao & Li, Xingzhong, 2022."A novel hybrid-point-line energy management strategy based on multi-objective optimization for range-extended electric vehicle,"Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).

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Regenerative Braking: How and Why It Works for Electric Cars

Regenerative braking allows an electric or hybrid-electric vehicle to collect electricity as it decelerates. Traditional braking results in a lot of lost energy, which in traffic leads to increased gas consumption and wear on brakes.

In electric vehicles (EVs), regenerative braking is performed by the electric motor, not by the brakes. This helps EV drivers use their brakes less.

How Regenerative Braking Works

In a gas-powered car, braking results in a lot of lost energy.

In regenerative braking, when an EV driver releases the accelerator pedal, the flow of electricity from the battery to the motor is stopped. Yet the spinning part of the motor (the rotor) still rotates along with the wheels of the still-moving car.

Without a continuous flow of electricity from the battery, the motor becomes a generator, sending the kinetic energy from the spinning rotor into the battery, while resistance to the rotor slows down the vehicle.

Electric vehicles still have disc brakes, but they are backups in situations like:

• In case of motor failures
• Below a certain speed, disk brakes supplement the generator since the torque (or rotational force) of the generator isn't strong enough to supply 100% of braking power
• At very higher speeds, when a short stop could break the motor.

Torque blending is how EVs find the appropriate balance between friction braking and regenerative braking. Like in an automatic car, EV drivers rarely notice the difference.

How Regenerative Are Electric Brakes?

Swiss companies are developing an electric truckthat can generate more electricity than it uses. But this isn't possible for ordinary electric vehicles.

While an electric vehicle is far more efficient than a gas-powered one in converting fuel to kinetic energy, some energy is lost as heat, as vibration, as sound energy, as aerodynamic drag, etc.

The same forces that take up energy during acceleration are also lost during deceleration, just as a car put in neutral on a flat surface will eventually stop.

Other factors impact battery performance and how much braking energy it can save, including:

• The types of electronics and capacitors in the vehicle
• The temperature of the battery
• How full the battery already is.

Studies show that up to roughly 50% of the car's kinetic energy while braking can be used to accelerate the car again later. Anecdotal testimony from real-world driving, however, reports a range of 15% to 32% recapture of energy through regenerative braking.

History of Regenerative Braking

Regenerative braking is not new technology. In 1967, the American Motor Car Company introduced an ill-fated electric car, the AMC Amitron, with an impressive range of 150 miles and regenerative braking. Regenerative braking was also used on railways such as the Transcaucasus Railway and those in Scandinavia in the 1930s.

Today, Japan's highly efficient maglev trains and France's TGVs use regenerative braking, as do most electric trains and metro systems all around the world. Increasingly popular electric bicycles (e-bikes), scooters, and skateboards also use regenerative braking, with an efficiency of some 4% to 5%.

The hybrid-electric Toyota Prius was the first commercially successful car to use regenerative braking, and the technology is almost exclusive to electric and hybrid vehicles.

The Mazda 3 is one of the few gas-powered vehicles that use regenerative braking, in this case merely to power the car's auxiliary electronic functions.

When Is Regenerative Braking Best?

Regenerative braking is most effective at higher speeds and on long downhills, since more kinetic energy is available to be converted.

Yet in stop-and-go urban traffic, the benefit of regenerative braking comes less in the amount of energy recaptured than in the reduced wear-and-tear on the friction brakes. This, in turn, reduces the emission of particulate matter pollution. At a societal level, the health outcomes from regenerative braking may even outweigh the financial or climate benefits.

The Future of Regenerative Braking

Regenerative braking is a mature technology with over a century of use, but research continues to refine its efficiency.

Battery improvements will increase the amount of energy that regenerative braking can store. Additional improvements to supercapacitors will also improve braking efficiency.

Continued research can reduce the energy loss in the braking process in order to make electric vehicles more efficient, more economical, and more environmentally friendly.

One-Pedal Driving

One-pedal driving takes getting used to, just as it takes drivers of standard transmission vehicles time to get used to the lack of a clutch in cars with automatic transmissions. But of all the benefits of regenerative brakingenvironmental and economicthe simplification that comes with using only a single pedal may be one that drivers enjoy the most.

Frequently Asked Questions

• Do all electric vehicles have regenerative braking?

  All hybrids and fully electric vehicles sold in the U.S. have regenerative braking. Even some conventional gasoline-powered cars have it. Of course, EVs also have conventional braking systems, too.

• Why does regenerative braking not fully stop a car?

  Most of the time, you can't stop an EV fully just with regenerative braking. Regenerative braking actually stops working as your speed dips below six mph. At such low speeds, the car is no longer drawing enough kinetic energy to bring the car to a complete stop.

• How much range does regenerative braking add?

  It's said that regenerative braking adds up to 15% more range in urban environments and almost no more range on highways. In situations where there's a lot of downhill driving, you might even find that regenerative braking adds up to 50% more range to your electric vehicle.

• How can you maximize regenerative braking?

  It's easy: Use the conventional braking system only when necessarily, such as at the very end of deceleration, when you're ready to stop the car. You should also make sure your settings are set to maximum regeneration.