Are Chinese EVs sold in the US

MIT Technology Review

Last Thursday, the Biden administration announced it would investigate the security risks posed by Chinese-made smart cars, which could collect sensitive data about our citizens and our infrastructure and send this data back to the Peoples Republic of China, the statement from White House claims.

While many other technologies from China have been scrutinized because of security concerns, EVs have largely avoided that sort of attention until now. After all, they represent a technology that will greatly help the world transition to clean and renewable energy, and people have greeted its rapid growth in China with praise.

But US-China relations have been at a low point since the Trump years and the pandemic, and it seems like only a matter of time before any trade or interaction between the two countries falls under security scrutiny. Now its EVs turn.

The White House has made clear that there are two motivations behind the investigation: the economy and security.

Even though the statement didnt explicitly mention EVs, its undeniable that they are the only reason Chinese automakers have now become serious challengers to their American peers. Chinese companies like BYD make quality EVs at affordable prices, making them increasingly competitive in international markets. A recent report by the Alliance for American Manufacturing, an industry group, even describes EV competition as Chinas existential threat to Americas auto industry.

The issue of Chinese EV imports really hits on so many major political factors all at the same time, says Kyle Chan, a sociology researcher at Princeton University who studies industrial policies and China. Not just the auto plants in swing states like Michigan and Ohio, but the broader auto manufacturing sector spread over many important states.

If the US auto industry fails to remain competitive, it will threaten the job security of millions of Americans, and countless other parts of the US economy will be affected. So its no surprise Chinese EVs are seen as a major economic threat that needs to be addressed.

In fact, its one of the few issues everyone seems to agree on in this election cycle. Before the Biden investigation, Trump drew peoples attention to Chinese EVs during campaign speeches, vowing to slap a 60% tariff on Chinese imported goods. Josh Hawley, a Republican senator and a longtime China hawk, proposed a bill last Tuesday for a whopping 125% tariff on Chinese cars, including Chinese-branded cars made in other countries like Mexico.

The Chinese EV market is exploding. Here are the 5 major Chinese EV brands you should know about.

4. Geely's Zeekr is just 2 years old, but it already has international ambitions

Zeekr is an electric vehicle brand under the privately held Chinese auto giant Geely which boughtthe Swedish brand Volvo in 2010.

Founded only in 2021, Zeeker already has international ambitions.

In April this year, Zeekr said it plans to sell its newly launched SUV-style Zeekr X and Zeekr 001 EV sedan in Western Europe, Reuters reported. The EV maker did not indicate a timeline for its plans.

The $27,000 Zeekr X even has facial recognition software to unlock the car and owners can also opt to install a refrigerator in the car, Andy An, the CEO of Zeekr, said at an event, Reuters further reported.

The company aims to deliver 40,000 Zeekr X cars to the China market this year, with its first domestic deliveries starting in June, An said per Reuters.

And even though Zeekr is backed by a major auto player, it still trails its EV peers in the domestic Chinese markets.

Zeekr sold just 15,234 of its existing models in the first quarter of 2023 this is half of the 31,000 vehicles Nio sold and just 10% of what Tesla sold in the same period, per Reuters.

Why is Biden blocking the cheapest, most popular EVs in the world?

You cant buy the Seagull in the US. But I bet you wish you could.

A small hatchback around the size of a Mini Cooper, the Seagull is a fast-charging electric car and claims a range of up to 250 miles (at least according to its home countrys generous tests); BYD, its Chinese manufacturer, claims it can go from 30 percent to 80 percent charged in a half-hour using a DC plug. Its hardly a luxury car but its well-equipped, with a power drivers seat and cruise control. If I were looking for an inexpensive commuter car this would be perfect, veteran car journalist John McElroy said after taking a drive.

The best part? Its base model costs about $10,700 in China. Thats about a third of the cost of the cheapest EV you can buy in the US. In South America, its a little pricier, but still fairly affordable, at under $24,000 for a top-trim version. Even in Europe, you can get an entry-level BYD for under 30,000.

These are absolutely screaming deals exactly the kind of products that could turbocharge our transition away from gas and toward electric vehicles.

And its just one of many BYD electric cars on offer, from the compact e2/e3 hatchback and sedan (think a Honda Civic or Toyota Corolla) to the full-size, luxe Han EV, a more expensive option nonetheless selling for under $33,000 in China (it costs more than double that in Europe). Many of the options have an aquatic themed name: the Seal, the Dolphin, the Sea Lion.

The problem for Americans? The Biden administration is hell-bent on preventing you from buying BYDs product, and if Donald Trump returns to office, he is likely to fight it as well.

Thats because the BYD cars are made in China, and both Biden and Trump are committed to an ultranationalist trade policy meant to keep BYDs products out. Theyve seen whats happened in other global markets that Chinese EV companies have entered. Shipments to Europe have increased astronomically; Chinese companies sold 0.5 percent of EVs in Europe in 2019 but theyre already over 9 percent as of last year. Companies like BYD make cheap, reasonably good-quality cars people are eager to buy.

In 2018, Trump imposed, and Biden has since continued, a special 25 percent tax on Chinese-made autos, on top of the ordinary 2.5 percent tax on foreign-made cars.

That has so far prevented BYD and its Chinese peers from trying to enter the US market. US customer tastes are different enough that Chinese manufacturers would probably prefer to make cars tailored to them but US policy has been so hostile toward cheap Chinese EVs that so far, the companies havent wanted to bother.

So, the result is that were left out of the bounty of cheap EV options created by BYD and others. If youre a consumer right now, the best place to be right now is China, because you have the best choice of EVs, Ilaria Mazzocco, senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies and an expert on Chinese EVs, says.

Still, Chinas price advantage is big enough that even the extreme Trump-Biden import tax might not be enough to deter companies like BYD from entering the US market. Even with the tariffs, Chinese cars might be cheaper than their rivals. Subsidies most likely wont be enough; Mr. Biden will need to impose [more] trade restrictions, climate journalist Robinson Meyer predicted recently. The Biden administration is already making noise about imposing even more draconian taxes or trade restrictions against these vehicles. Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo has described Chinese-made cars as a national security threat, and recently announced an investigation into the vehicles data collection abilities and the possibility they could send movement data to Beijing.

On the one hand, Biden is offering Americans up to $7,500 per vehicle to buy EVs (provided they meet certain made-in-North America rules). On the other hand, hes imposing massive taxes to keep Americans from buying EVs. Its a bizarre policy that makes no sense from a climate perspective. Thats what makes it so fascinating.

The Chinese EV case is a good demonstration that however motivated the Biden administration might be by climate concerns, it is much more motivated by a desire to help American automakers, to win Michigans electoral votes this November, and to escalate a brewing cold war against China.

It has proven shockingly willing to sabotage its own climate policy if it gets to stick it to the Chinese in the process.

Theres almost an across-the-board apprehension about Chinese EVs, even though they would make an important contribution to [lower] CO2 emissions, Gary Clyde Hufbauer, a veteran trade expert at the Peterson Institute for International Economics, says.

The climate case for Chinese electric cars

John Keeble/Getty Images

The basic environmental argument for electric cars is simple: Burning petroleum in internal combustion engines produces CO2 emissions. Both because some electricity is generated through clean sources like wind, solar, and nuclear, and because electric motors are vastly more efficient than petroleum engines, electric cars emit less per mile traveled.

EVs are slightly more carbon-intensive to manufacture in the first place, but most estimates suggest the lower per-mile emissions of EVs quickly make up for the extra emissions involved in their creation. One recent study calculated the breakeven point at a little under 17,000 miles driven; another study put the number at 21,300 miles. Given that the average American drives 13,500 miles a year, EVs should break even within a couple years of use.

But is this still true for Chinese EVs? China still gets more than 60 percent of its electricity from coal, compared to less than 20 percent in the US. The US instead relies more on gas and renewables, leading to a cleaner grid overall. That means producing EVs and EV batteries in China should, on average, produce more carbon emissions than making them in the US or Europe.

So, does this mean that BYDs cheap EVs are bad for the environment, or at least no better for it than typical gas vehicles? Hardly. Its just sort of a ruse, Anand Gopal, a clean energy and transportation expert and executive director of policy research at the firm Energy Innovation, says. Close to 90 percent of the emissions of a fossil fuel vehicle [are] from the combustion of the fuel. Even if you have slight variations in the manufacturing emissions based on the region, an EV is just going to be massively better.

John Helveston, a professor of engineering at George Washington University who studies the development of electric vehicles, notes that the complex supply chain of even US-made electric cars makes the difference in carbon output of cars produced in different countries pretty minimal.

The biggest factor for China is that they control all the upstream material supply chain for lithium batteries, Helveston says. Even if your EVs battery is built by, say, Panasonic in a plant in the US, the raw materials for that are being processed and refined in China first. Its the same starting point everywhere.

Where exactly in China the EVs are built also matters a lot. We think of China as a really polluting country but its also a very big country, Mazzocco explains. The energy mix really depends on where you are. In western China, for instance, hydropower is very prominent, and aluminum manufacturers have taken advantage. Just because an EV is made in China doesnt mean its made with coal power.

EVs of whatever origin are getting cleaner over time as the electrical grid gets cleaner. This is happening more slowly in China but even there, electricity is getting cleaner. More and more of the energy running your EV will be coming from solar, wind, and other renewables, and less and less will come from coal or natural gas. That means EV adoption will do even more for the environment as the years go on.

If Chinese and American EVs are roughly similar in their environmental impact, they are not roughly similar in price.

Realistically, Helveston argues, BYD might not sell something like the Seagull in the US because its smaller than most cars Americans buy. Theyd probably build plants in the US instead, or its free-trade zone partners Canada and Mexico, to build vehicles tailored for Americans. If youre going to really enter a market, you have to make it locally, Helveston explains. US automakers like GM sell and make millions of cars in China to sell in China. BYD would do the same. Indeed, its already reportedly scouting sites for factories in Mexico.

If they ever were to set up shop in North America, BYD and other Chinese car companies would still have a major price advantage versus American EVs. They have years more experience and a much more successful track record of building batteries and EVs at low cost.

Part of why theyre so successful is theyve been thinking outside the box on cost reduction for a long time, Mazzocco says. They took the opposite of the Tesla approach: starting not with luxury vehicles but ultra-cheap cars fit for taxi fleets and not much else, and constantly improving their early inexpensive prototypes. The result is that Chinese firms have gotten extremely good at making inexpensive EVs, at a time when Ford, by contrast, lost $28,000 for every EV it sold in 2023.

Short of outright selling cars made by Chinese companies, you could imagine partnerships between experienced battery manufacturers like BYD and American EV makers. Id love to see GM and Ford make an affordable EV that has a Chinese battery, Helveston says. Id rather have that than GM and Ford sell cars for $10,000 more than they need to.

If you have more affordable EVs in the United States, no matter where you come from, Gopal says, thats better for the climate.

Still, the Biden administration reportedly wants to restrict Chinese car companies access to the US even if they do set up shop in North America. Bloomberg reported earlier this month that the Biden administration is formulating rules that would limit US sales of Chinese-made parts, even if theyre in vehicles ultimately assembled in the US or Mexico.

You could make a reasonable case that the tariff against Chinese cars is not itself the main factor holding back Chinese EVs from the US, because Americans will want bigger and more luxurious cars than companies like BYD now make. But blocking Chinese companies from building US-targeted cars in Mexico would prevent them from doing that kind of targeting, and cut Americans off from cheap EVs in a lasting way.

The nationalist case against Chinese electric cars

Sjoerd van der Wal/Getty Images

Why isnt the Biden administration salivating at the thought of BYD electric cars flooding the market? Theyre making green vehicles ultra-affordable and doing so at the cost of Chinas taxpayers not Americas. Isnt that what we want?

The pushback isnt about climate at all. Its political.

Over 166,000 people work in car or car-part manufacturing in the state of Michigan, per the most recent data we have; thats more than the margin by which Biden won the state in 2020. Michigan also has a competitive Senate race in 2024, as does Ohio, another car manufacturing hub. If allowing entry to Chinese cars alienates the US auto sector, the political consequences for Biden could be catastrophic.

Using taxes on imports to win elections is a long, proud presidential tradition. George W. Bush slapped tariffs on steel in 2002, in what was widely viewed as a bid for votes in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia. To this very day, foreign-built pickup trucks and heavy trucks are unavailable in the US because of a 25 percent tariff Lyndon B. Johnson imposed in 1963, in retaliation for German and French tariffs on US chicken exports. The chicken tax has meant that even foreign companies like Toyota and Honda build trucks intended for the US market in the US. Compared to the chicken tax, the Biden administrations approach feels positively logical.

But the Biden administrations objections to Chinese EVs are also ideological. The Biden administration represents the victory of a protectionist, trade-skeptical wing of the Democratic party that was relegated to the sidelines during the Clinton and Obama years.

As Frank Foer detailed in his book The Last Politician, this faction was brought into the Biden coalition partly through his now-National Security Adviser Jake Sullivan. During the Trump years, Sullivan forged an alliance with the trade-skeptics and broke bread with Elizabeth Warren disciples, labor union officials, and intellectuals from left-leaning think tanks. Sullivan is also, notably, a major China hawk Foer describes him as agreeing with Donald Trump that China is eating our lunch leading to a hostility to trade with the country that meshed easily with that of trade skeptics who have for decades opposed exposing US manufacturing workers to foreign competition.

Sullivan has described this policy as a foreign policy for the middle class. While its possible to defend tariffs against Chinese cars in these terms, and United Auto Workers certainly support higher tariffs, the idea that this policy helps the American middle class overall is laughable. Less than one percent of Americans work in auto or auto-parts manufacturing. But over 90 percent of American households have a car, and surging car prices were a huge contributor to the 20212023 rise in inflation.

Barriers to importing cheap cars make inflation worse and reduce the real incomes of the middle class.

Not only are the administration and other left-leaning institutions opposed to Chinese EVs, but hardline conservatives at places like the Heritage Foundation are calling for outright bans on Chinese EVs as well. Their rationale is security, another theme the Biden administration evokes often. On Thursday, the Commerce Department announced it was beginning a process to investigate the national security risks of PRC-manufactured technology in [internet-connected] vehicles.

Helveston was skeptical of the idea that data collected by Chinese-made vehicles amounts to much in a world where Americans freely tell TikTok all of their interests and desires. Of all the things a Chinese firm could do to collect data on you, your vehicles are probably my least concern, he says. They have a lot of other avenues to learn about you through social media and other techniques. I think its good that theyre doing an investigation, Mazzocco adds, but the dangers are not just China.

Besides, the US could always craft more tailored rules regarding data collection in vehicles that could prevent the data from getting back to BYD headquarters in Shenzhen that fall far short of a draconian ban on even Mexico-made BYD cars, or short of the current 25 percent tariff. Banning an entire car company because of data worries is, to quote Frank Zappa, a bit like treating dandruff with decapitation.

Biden needs to decide if he likes beating climate change more than he wants to beat China

Lars Penning/picture alliance via Getty Images

There are a number of powerful forces pushing the Biden administration to crack down on Chinese-made EVs. They want votes in Michigan. They want to build a US-based supply chain for EVs, and are rightly worried that more experienced Chinese manufacturers are going to clean US manufacturers clock. Their policies seem to suggest they care more about cultivating the auto workers union than about ensuring cars are inexpensive.

But given the clear climate advantage of EVs over gasoline cars, and the clear advantages China has in making affordable EVs compared to American companies, its worth rethinking that set of priorities.

The US unemployment is 3.7 percent, which is about as low as its been since the early 1950s. We are not in a position where we desperately need to create new jobs. We are in a situation where we desperately need to transition away from fossil fuels. Its an ideal situation, in other words, for cheap foreign-made electric cars.

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