The Impact of Electric Vehicles on the Electricity Grid

By Isabella Storyclaire

last updated September 17, 2024

Contributions sourced from

The Impact of Electric Vehicles on the Power Grid

The electric vehicle (EV) market is booming. In 2022, global EV sales reached 10 million units, a 55% increase from 2021. This is great news for the environment, but it also poses a challenge to the power grid.

EVs require a lot of electricity to charge, and if too many people start charging their EVs at the same time, it could overload the grid. This could lead to blackouts or brownouts.

There are a few things that can be done to address this challenge:

Upgrade the grid to make it more resilient. This could involve adding new transmission lines and substations, or upgrading existing infrastructure.
Use time-of-use charging. This would involve incentivizing EV owners to charge their vehicles during off-peak hours, when demand for electricity is lower.
Educate EV owners about how to charge their vehicles responsibly. For example, they could be encouraged to avoid charging their vehicles during peak hours, or to use smart chargers that can optimize charging times.

It is important to note that the impact of EVs on the grid will vary depending on a number of factors, including the number of EVs on the road, the type of EV, and the time of day when they are charged. However, it is clear that the growing popularity of EVs will put a strain on the grid if no action is taken.

By taking steps to upgrade the grid, use time-of-use charging, and educate EV owners, we can mitigate the impact of EVs on the grid and ensure that this technology can continue to play a role in the fight against climate change.

In addition to the above, here are some other things that can be done to address the impact of EVs on the grid:

Deploy smart grid technologies. Smart grid technologies can help to manage demand for electricity and ensure that the grid is able to handle the increased load from EVs.
Invest in renewable energy. Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, can help to reduce the overall demand for electricity from the grid.
Work with EV manufacturers to develop more efficient EVs. More efficient EVs will require less electricity to charge, which will reduce the impact on the grid.

By taking these steps, we can ensure that the growth of the EV market does not lead to problems for the power grid. Instead, EVs can help us to transition to a cleaner, more sustainable energy future.

Can Power Grids Cope With Millions of EVs?

There have been vigorous debates pro and con in the United States and elsewhere over whether electric grids can support EVs at scale. The answer is a nuanced perhaps. It depends on several factors, including the speed of grid-component modernization, the volume of EV sales, where they occur and when, what kinds of EV charging are being done and when, regulator and political decisions, and critically, economics.

The city of Palo Alto, Calif. is a microcosm of many of the issues involved. Palo Alto boasts the highest adoption rate of EVs in the United States: In 2020, one in six of the towns 25,000 households owned an EV. Of the 52,000 registered vehicles in the city, 4,500 are EVs, and on workdays, commuters drive another 3,000 to 5,000 EVs to enter the city. Residents can access about 1,000 charging ports spread over 277 public charging stations, with another 3,500 or so charging ports located at residences.

Palo Altos government has set a very aggressive Sustainability and Climate Action Plan with a goal of reducing its greenhouse gas emissions to 80 percent below the 1990 level by the year 2030. In comparison, the states goal is to achieve this amount by 2050. To realize this reduction, Palo Alto must have 80 percent of vehicles within the next eight years registered in (and commuting into) the city be EVs (around 100,000 total). The projected number of charging ports will need to grow to an estimated 6,000 to 12,000 public ports (some 300 being DC fast chargers) and 18,000 to 26,000 residential ports, with most of those being L2-type charging ports.

There are places even today where we cant even take one more heat pump without having to rebuild the portion of the system. Or we cant even have one EV charger go in. Tomm Marshall

To meet Palo Altos 2030 emission-reduction goals, the city, which owns and operates the electric utility, would like to increase significantly the amount of local renewable energy being used for electricity generation (think rooftop solar) including the ability to use EVs as distributed-energy resources (vehicle-to-grid (V2G) connections). The city has provided incentives for the purchase of both EVs and charging ports, the installation of heat-pump water heaters, and the installation of solar and battery-storage systems.

There are, however, a few potholes that need to be filled to meet the citys 2030 emission objectives. At a February meeting of Palo Altos Utilities Advisory Commission, Tomm Marshall, assistant director of utilities, stated, There are places even today [in the city] where we cant even take one more heat pump without having to rebuild the portion of the [electrical distribution] system. Or we cant even have one EV charger go in.

Peak loading is the primary concern. Palo Altos electrical-distribution system was built for the electric loads of the 1950s and 1960s, when household heating, water, and cooking were running mainly on natural gas. The distribution system does not have the capacity to support EVs and all electric appliances at scale, Marshall suggested. Further, the system was designed for one-way power, not for distributed-renewable-energy devices sending power back into the system.

A big problem is the 3,150 distribution transformers in the city, Marshall indicated. A 2020 electrification-impact study found that without improvements, more than 95 percent of residential transformers would be overloaded if Palo Alto hits its EV and electrical-appliance targets by 2030.

Palo Altos electrical-distribution system needs a complete upgrade to allow the utility to balance peak loads.

For instance, Marshall stated, it is not unusual for a 37.5 kilovolt-ampere transformer to support 15 households, as the distribution system was originally designed for each household to draw 2 kilowatts of power. Converting a gas appliance to a heat pump, for example, would draw 4 to 6 kW, while an L2 charger for EVs would be 12 to 14 kW. A cluster of uncoordinated L2 charging could create an excessive peak load that would overload or blow out a transformer, especially when they are toward the end of their lives, which many already are. Without smart metersthat is, Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), which will be introduced into Palo Alto in 2024the utility has little to no household peak load insights.

Palo Altos electrical-distribution system needs a complete upgrade to allow the utility to balance peak loads, manage two-way power flows, install the requisite number of EV charging ports and electric appliances to support the citys emission-reduction goals, and deliver power in a safe, reliable, sustainable, and cybersecure manner. The system also must be able to cope in a multihour-outage situation, where future electrical appliances and EV charging will commence all at once when power is restored, placing a heavy peak load on the distribution system.

PlugShare.comA map of EV charging stations in the Palo Alto, CA area from PlugShare.com

Palo Alto is considering investing US $150 million toward modernizing its distribution system, but that will take two to three years of planning, as well as another three to four years or more to perform all the necessary work, but only if the utility can get the engineering and management staff, which continues to be in short supply there and at other utilities across the country. Further, like other industries, the energy business has become digitized, meaning the skills needed are different from those previously required.

Until it can modernize its distribution network, Marshall conceded that the utility must continue to deal with angry and confused customers who are being encouraged by the city to invest in EVs, charging ports, and electric appliances, only then to be told that they may not be accommodated anytime soon.

Policy runs up against engineering reality

The situation in Palo Alto is not unique. There are some 465 cities in the United States with populations between 50,000 and 100,000 residents, and another 315 that are larger, many facing similar challenges. How many can really support a rapid influx of thousands of new EVs? Phoenix, for example, wants 280,000 EVs plying its streets by 2030, nearly seven times as many as it has currently. Similar mismatches between climate-policy desires and an energy infrastructure incapable of supporting those policies will play out across not only the United States but elsewhere in one form or another over the next two decades as conversion to EVs and electric appliances moves to scale.

As in Palo Alto, it will likely be blown transformers or constantly flickering lights that signal there is an EV charging-load issue. Professor Deepak Divan, the director of the Center for Distributed Energy at Georgia Tech, says his team found that in residential areas multiple L2 chargers on one distribution transformer can reduce its life from an expected 30 to 40 years to 3 years. Given that most of the millions of U.S. transformers are approaching the end of their useful lives, replacing transformers soon could be a major and costly headache for utilities, assuming they can get them.

Supplies for distribution transformers are low, and costs have skyrocketed from a range of $3,000 to $4,000 to $20,000 each. Supporting EVs may require larger, heavier transformers, which means many of the 180 million power poles on which these need to sit will need to be replaced to support the additional weight.

Exacerbating the transformer loading problem, Divan says, is that many utilities have no visibility beyond the substation into how and when power is being consumed. His team surveyed twenty-nine utilities for detailed voltage data from their AMI systems, and no one had it.

This situation is not true universally. Xcel Energy in Minnesota, for example, has already started to upgrade distribution transformers because of potential residential EV electrical-load issues. Xcel president Chris Clark told the Minneapolis Star Tribune that four or five families buying EVs noticeably affects the transformer load in a neighborhood, with a family buying an EV adding another half of their house.

Joyce Bodoh, director of energy solutions and clean energy for Virginias Rappahannock Electric Cooperative (REC), a utility distributor in central Virginia, says that REC leadership is really, really supportive of electrification, energy efficiency, and electric transportation. However, she adds, all those things are not a magic wand. You cant make all three things happen at the same time without a lot of forward thinking and planning.

As part of this planning effort, Bodoh says that REC has actively been performing an engineering study that looked at line loss across our systems as well as our transformers, and said, If this transformer got one L2 charger, what would happen? If it got two L2s, what would happen, and so on? She adds that REC is trying to do its due diligence, so we dont get surprised when a cul-de-sac gets a bunch of L2 chargers and theres a power outage.

REC also has hourly energy-use data from which it can find where L2 chargers may be in use because of the load profile of EV charging. However, Bodoh says, REC does not just want to know where the L2 chargers are, but also to encourage its EV-owning customers to charge at nonpeak hoursthat is, 9 p.m. to 5 a.m. and 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. REC has recently set up an EV charging pilot program for 200 EV owners that provides a $7 monthly credit if they do off-peak charging. Whether REC or other utilities can convince enough EV owners of L2 chargers to consistently charge during off-peak hours remains to be seen.

Multiple L2 chargers on one distribution transformer can reduce its life from an expected 30 to 40 years to 3 years. Deepak Divan

Even if EV owner behavior changes, off-peak charging may not fully solve the peak-load problem once EV ownership really ramps up. Transformers are passively cooled devices, specifically designed to be cooled at night, says Divan. When you change the (power) consumption profile by adding several EVs using L2 chargers at night, that transformer is running hot. The risk of transformer failure from uncoordinated overnight charging may be especially aggravated during times of summer heat waves, an issue that concerns Palo Altos utility managers.

There are technical solutions available to help spread EV charging peak loads, but utilities will have to make the investments in better transformers and smart metering systems, as well as get regulatory permission to change electricity-rate structures to encourage off-peak charging. Vehicle-to-grid (V2G), which allows an EV to serve as a storage device to smooth out grid loads, may be another solution, but for most utilities in the United States, this is a long-term option. Numerous issues need to be addressed, such as the updating of millions of household electrical panels and smart meters to accommodate V2G, the creation of agreed-upon national technical standards for the information exchange needed between EVs and local utilities, the development of V2G regulatory policies, and residential and commercial business models, including fair compensation for utilizing an EVs stored energy.

As energy expert Chris Neldernoted at a National Academy EV workshop, vehicle-to-grid is not really a thing, at least not yet. I dont expect it to be for quite some time until we solve a lot of problems at various utility commissions, state by state, rate by rate.

In the next article in the series, we will look at the complexities of creating an EV charging infrastructure.

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